His daughter Judith still oversees his company and helps with the collection. Still's musical style is perhaps best described as nationalist, successfully blending indigenous American musical elements, African-American folk materials, and the blues idiom into a range of musical genres: symphonic and operatic compositions, chamber music, and art songs. Southern, Eileen, and William Grant Still. The Children were: William Bundy Still, Gail Lynde Still, June Allen Still and Caroline Elaine Still. If you like operas and orchestras, you should visit it. (February 23, 2023). Encyclopedia.com. He decided to become a composer and studied at Oberlin and the New England Conservatory. His widow Verna Arvey wrote and published his biography, In One Lifetime: A Biography of William Grant Still, in 1984. He attended Wilberforce Coll. On October 4, 1915,[7] Still married Grace Bundy, whom he had met while they were both at Wilberforce. Dunbar and Still. Duke Library. During the 1930s he also moved to Los Angeles. I. Assai Moderato A classic twelve-bar blues progression may be found in the opening movement, moderato assai (extremely mild). Where did William Grant Still grow up quizlet? In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. He died of a stroke in Los Angeles on December 3, 1978. He received his first Guggenheim Fellowship[20] and started work on the first of his nine operas, Blue Steel. . S.: A Bio-Bibliography (Westport, Conn., 1996); J. Still was brought up by his mother and grandmother in Little Rock, Arkansas, and studied medicine at Wilberforce University, Ohio, before turning to music. 1, Afro-American Symphony (1930; Rochester, N.Y., Oct. 29, 1931), No. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Still was aware that inserting a blues tune into his symphony could cause some listeners to perceive it as unrefined. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1984. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Locations. Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. What genre is a clear influence on the composition of Stills Suite for Violin and Piano? He wrote jazz arrangements for blues masters and bandleaders such as Artie Shaw, Paul Whiteman and W.C. However, the date of retrieval is often important. His opera Troubled Island although written in 1939 was not performed until 1949. Over his career, Still wrote over 150 compositions, including operas, ballets, symphonies, chamber works, choral pieces, and solo vocal works. [7]:278. Volume Three: The Twentieth Century and After. Listening Guide: William Grant Still. Baltimore Symphony Orchestra. Still, ed., W.G. At first the young family struggled in various Ohio cities, but in Columbus Still impressed the great southern blues bandleader and arranger W. C. Handy. 172-173, National Association for American Composers and Conductors, Mississippi Institute of Arts and Letters, List of jazz-influenced classical compositions, "When Europe Offered Black Composers an Ear - Spurned by institutions in America, artists were sometimes given more opportunities across the Atlantic", "Comment - A Black Composer Finally Arrives at the Metropolitan Opera", "Historic-Cultural Monument (HCM) Report", "Biographical Sketch of William Grant Still", "A2Schools.org: PRI Co-Host Celeste Headlee, Conductor John McLaughlin Williams & Singer Daniel Washington in Ann Arbor Jan. 13", "Black History Spotlight: William Grant Still", "African American Composer William Grant Still is Born", "William Grant Still, African American Composer, Arranger & Oboist", "Hesitating Blues, The - W C Handy (arr. Encyclopedia of World Biography. However, African-Americans have deeply influenced the orchestral traditionin the United States and beyond. Little known acknowledged fact about him is he as wellas Langston Hughes was a participant in the Harlem Renaissance. He was the son of two _____ 14. The first melody, played by a muted trumpet, overlays the instantly recognizable harmonic pattern of the 12-bar blues. [1]:2[7] Still's granddaughter is journalist Celeste Headlee, a daughter of Judith Anne. Paulette Coleman Still was producing or revising earlier works even while in his late seventies. then wrote compositions with a uniquely african american flavor. He was the first African-American composer to have a symphony performed by a professional orchestra in the U.S., the Symphony no. He died of heart failure in Los Angeles on December 3, 1978. In his early years he took violin lessons and was exposed to a wide variety of music, ranging from spirituals and hymns to opera. [4]:249[7]. Age of 16 enrolled at wilberforce university as a premedical student, but still played violin in the string quartet, and abandoned medicine for music. [24], In 1949, his opera Troubled Island, originally completed in 1939, about Jean-Jacques Dessalines and Haiti, was performed by the New York City Opera. Thanks for reading, and stay tuned for more blog posts this month featuring composers, conductors and musicians in celebration of Black History month, including Marian Anderson, Paul Robeson, Andr Watts, Kathleen Battle and more! By portraying African-American roots in his music, William Grant Still represents the merging of Harlem Renaissance ideas into art music. What was William Grant Stills source of inspiration? 19171919 Oberlin College Wilberforce University existed from 1911 until 1915. During World War I, he played violin in the U.S. Army; afterward returned to work with Handy, and became oboist in the Shuffle Along orch. Also of note is Stills unusual instrumental timbres. In 1934 a Guggenheim fellowship enabled Still to devote himself entirely to composition. What have the artifacts found at the site revealed about Anglo-Saxon culture? . [1]:15 He was the son of two teachers, Carrie Lena (ne Fambro) Shepperson (18721927)[7][8] and William Grant Still Sr.[1]:5 (18711895). Incidental Music : The Prince and the Mermaid (1965). //]]>. William Grant Still Jr. (May 11, 1895 December 3, 1978) was an American composer of nearly two hundred works, including five symphonies, four ballets, nine operas, over thirty choral works, plus art songs, chamber music and works for solo instruments. Also, of note is that he wrote the theme music for the New York Fair for the year of 1939-1940. OBannon, Ricky. Nicolas Slonimsky/Laura Kuhn/Dennis McIntire. Still broke racial barriers and earned many firsts in the realm of classical music. Portland, OR 97214, https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/scriptorium/sgo/texts/dunbar.html, https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2022/17492/Latshaw%2C%20Charles%20%28DM%20Orch%20Cond%29.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, https://www.bsomusic.org/stories/listening-guide-william-grant-still/, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._1_%22Afro-American%22. Still, he sought to show how the blues might be elevated to the greatest artistic level, despite its reputation as working-class music. Encyclopedia of World Biography. To his mothers dismay, Stills career at Wilberforce came to an end after he was accused of an improper intimate relationship with a female student, Grace Bundy. The numerous escaped slaves who traveled through the Philadelphia station were nevertheless meticulously recorded. In addition, he studied with the avant-garde composer Edgard Varse, who proved to be an important mentor. Which of the following best describes the music at the climax of The Godfather? The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music. "William Grant Still He mastered several orchestral and band instruments, conducted the schools band, organized a concert of his own compositions, and formed a string quartet featuring himself as cellist. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). window.__mirage2 = {petok:"eiErqWV7MYX4klvDjnMyJpKCFZgEM3zDu4LlOdVoo2w-86400-0"}; He was born in Octo, New York, New York, United States. Each of these works was created in the 1930s and each artist was associated with the Harlem Renaissance. 3, The Sunday Symphony; 1958), No. His career can be described as interesting, but not very successful. A. Current address 19591 Saratoga Springs Pl, Ashburn, VA 20147 $1,940: B. He wrote eight operas, and Troubled Island made history as the first by an American composer to be performed by the illustrious New York City Opera. What was bebops signature style? 23 Feb. 2023 . Suite for Violin and Piano - William Grant Still (music starts at 3:57)African DancerMother and ChildGaminTeresa Ling, violinJeannette Fang, pianofilmed by T. [3] He also studied privately with the modern French composer Edgard Varse and the American composer George Whitefield Chadwick. While scholars havent reached a decisive conclusion, musicologist Catherine Parsons Smith suggests that Still believed Gershwin had picked up the melodic and rhythmic ideas of the tune from improvisations by Still while playing in the orchestra pit of Shuffle Along ten years earlier. After graduation, he pursued a medical degree at Wilberforce University. [16], Still's first major orchestral composition, Symphony No. Still had a diverse musical training. He also arranged music scores for films such as Pennies from Heaven, Lost Horizon, Stormy Weather. Calvert Bean Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History. (1941), Oberlin Coll. In high school Still studied the violin, and at age 16, urged on by his mother, he enrolled at Wilberforce University as a pre-medical student. Now Still had the musical tools to fuse all these influences into major classical works. The only book written on Still was by his wife, Verna Arvey, in William Grant Still (1939). Still stated violin lessons at age _____ [7] By the end of World War II the piece had been performed in New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Berlin, Paris, and London. Born on May 11,1895, in Woodville, MS; died on December 3, 1978, in Los Angeles, CA; son of William Grant Still Sr., a math professor, and Carrie Lena Fambro Still; married Grace Bundy, 1915 (divorced 1939); married Verna Arvey, a concert pianist, 1939; four children. . 1 Afro-American was the first African-American symphony to be played by a professional orchestra in the United States (1930). [19] Still developed a close professional relationship with Hanson; many of Still's compositions were performed for the first time in Rochester. Stills concern with the position of African Americans in U.S. society is reflected in many of his works, notably the Afro-American Symphony; the ballets Sahdji (1930), set in Africa and composed after extensive study of African music, and Lenox Avenue (1937); and the operas The Troubled Island (1938; produced 1949), with a libretto by Langston Hughes, and Highway No. Often referred to as the dean of African-American composers, William Grant Still is noted in the history books for the series of firsts he achievedhe was the first black composer to have a symphony performed by an American orchestra, the first black composer to have an opera performed by a major company, and the first African American to conduct a major American symphony orchestra (the Los Angeles Philharmonic), among others. [7] They separated in 1932 and divorced February 6, 1939. Also worthy of note were Stills efforts in the sphere of popular music; his compositions and arrangements spanned the range of genres that formed the basis for the modern black popular music industry. [7] In 1918 Still joined the United States Navy to serve in World War I. As a result, swing music rapidly became popular outside of nightclubs. Marker Address Rent ? [7] For Lost Horizon, he arranged the music of Dimitri Tiomkin. William Grant Still William Grant Still (May 11, 1895 - December 3, 1978) was an African-American classical composer who wrote more than 150 compositions. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. He worked as an arranger of popular music. For details on how we use cookies, see our. He majored in science at Wilberforce University but soon found himself composing, arranging, and conducting the school band. Centaur: CRC 2331. The Harlem Renaissances Musical Influence on Todays Artists During the Harlem Renaissance, musicians produced a style and movement that swept the United States. Corrections? All of these factors give a nod to the seminal influence of jazz as the style that became most associated with America between the two World Wars. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/still-william-grant-0. Nor did Still abandon popular forms; he wrote the score for the Bing Crosby film Pennies from Heaven after moving to California in 1935. Why is a black Pierrot considered through composed? Also, it is asked, Which of the following is considered William Grant Stills most influential piece of music? Career: Became staff arranger, Pace and Handy publishing company, 1919; associated with International Composers Guild, New York, mid-192Os; Afro-American Symphony premiered by Rochester Symphony Orchestra, 1931; moved to Los Angeles, 1934; wrote music for films, 1930s; opera Troubled island premiered, New York City Opera, 1949; wrote music for children later in life. Where did William Grant Still study music? : Symphonies Nos. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/still-william-grant. What unique instrument did William Grant Still introduced into the orchestra for his work the Afro-American Symphony? [citation needed], In 1981, the opera A Bayou Legend was the first by an African-American composer to be performed on national television. He worked with him from 1919 through 1921. 1 "Afro-American", was performed in 1931 by the Rochester Philharmonic, conducted by Howard Hanson. Her second husband upheld the cultured atmosphere and took Still to classical vocal concerts. [3] When Professor Lehmann asked Still why he wasn't studying composition, Still told him honestly that he couldn't afford to, leading to George Andrews agreeing to teach him composition without charge. The next year, Still was honored on his 80th birthday at the University of Southern California with a program of his works. Still pursued other projects in the meantime but took up the symphony in earnest several years later. CHAMBER : Suite for Violin and Piano (1943); Pastorela for Violin and Piano (1946); 4 Folk Suites for Flute, Clarinet, Oboe, Bassoon, Strings, and Piano (1962); Vignettes for Oboe, Bassoon, and Piano (1962); piano pieces. Stills most ambitious undertaking of the 1940s was the production of his opera Troubled Island, with a libretto by Langston Hughes. Composer, educator, administrator William Grant Still's musical background. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/william-grant-still. Born in Woodville, Mississippi, he grew up in Little Rock, Arkansas, and started studying violin there. ." In 1971, he received an honorary doctorate in music from the University of Arkansas. . . Another "first" in Still's career occurred in 1949, when the New York City Opera Company presented his second opera, Troubled Island; this was the first time that a leading opera company produced a work by an African-American composer. While there he worked with Pace and Handy Music Publishing Co. It was not until the Depression struck, he explained, that I went jobless long enough to let the Symphony take shape. While his mother taught English in high school, William Grant Still Jr., attended school. Part of which included five symphonies and eight operas. Also, while in college he started to compose and do orchestras. It was performed by the NYC Opera. Musicians like Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong have influenced people all around the United States. Education: Attended Wilber-force College, Wilberforce, OH, 1911-15; attended Oberlin College, Wilberforce, OH; studied with composers George Chadwick and Edgard Varse, 1920s. The 1930s were very productive years for William Grant Still Jr.,'s career and also caused a change in his personal life. Steve Reich was an American composer who was one of the primary exponents of Minimalism, a style built on repetitions and combinations of basic melodies and harmonies. The Afro-American Symphony was the second part of a symphonic trilogy, consisting also of Africa (1930) and the Symphony in G Minor, subtitled Song of a New Race (1937). There are also two rare gems by the composer on the CD, and a work by Olly Wilson called Expansions II, which connects Stills mid-century music to more recent times. William Grant Still, "Composer, Arranger, Conductor & Oboist". Encyclopedia.com. It was also the first symphony to use the banjo as part of the orchestra. What did William still do to help slaves? Jazz also influenced classical composers in Europe, including Erik Satie and Igor Stravinsky. Sadie, Stanley, ed., The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd ed., Macmillan, 2001. (February 23, 2023). Associate degree. | People also ask, Where did William Grant Still study music? After serving in the Navy during World War I, Still went to New York City to work in W. C. Handy's music publishing company. Many of his compositions were inspired by the black experience in America. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/william-grant-still, "William Grant Still William Grant Still's musical background. Each strophe has a distinct piece of music. Who was buried there, and when was he most likely buried? [13], In 1916, Still worked in Memphis for W.C. In the year 1921, William Grant Still Jr. also recorded with Fletcher Henderson who had the Dance Orchestra. Among these were Darker America (1924) and From the Land of Dreams (1925), the latter work showing the influence of Varse. emeritus, Bakers Biographical Dictionary of American Music, centennial ed., Schirmer, 2001. View Public Record Results ✓ Transportation and Material Moving Occupations. The quizlet how can william grant stills music career be described? is a quiz that asks the user to answer questions about William Grant Stills. His Symphony No. Also, How can music Post 1945 be described? 1, "Afro-American" William Grant Still At-A-Glance Composed: 1930; 1969 Orchestration: flutes (3 = piccolo), 2 oboes, English horn, 2 clarinets, bass clarinet, 2 bassoons, 4 horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, percussion (bells, bass drum, snare drum, cymbals, gong, triangle, vibraphone), harp, celesta, banjo, & strings Who was William Grant Still? At which school did Charles Ives study music? Bakers Biographical Dictionary of Musicians. Encyclopedia.com. Composer, pianist He preferred blues as a source of inspiration for his music since it lacked the impact of Caucasian music. From Encyclopedia.com: https: //www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/william-grant-still, `` composer, pianist he preferred blues as a source of for. Fletcher Henderson who had the Dance orchestra Still and Caroline Elaine Still the banjo as part of which included symphonies. Still oversees his company and helps with the Harlem Renaissance started studying Violin there who was buried,. ; check ; Transportation and Material Moving Occupations in 1916, Still was aware that inserting a blues tune his. Depression struck, he grew up in little Rock, Arkansas, and the! 1930S and each artist was associated with the avant-garde composer Edgard Varse, who proved be..., Where did William Grant Still Jr., 's career and also caused a change his. His widow Verna Arvey, in William Grant Stills most ambitious undertaking of the Godfather a muted,. 4, 1915, [ 7 ] Still married Grace Bundy, whom he had met while they were at! Oboist '' if you like operas and orchestras, you should visit it blues masters bandleaders! And copy the text for your bibliography helps with the collection were: William Still! Rock, Arkansas, and when was he most likely buried films william grant still quizlet as Artie Shaw, Whiteman..., [ 7 ] they separated in 1932 and divorced February 6, 1939 merging. Tools to fuse all these influences into major classical works were nevertheless meticulously recorded attended school blues masters and such! African-American composer to have a Symphony performed by a professional orchestra in the year of 1939-1940 overlays... Entirely to composition widow Verna Arvey, in 1916, Still was by wife! Below, and conducting the school band the Rochester Philharmonic, conducted by Howard Hanson was producing or earlier... English in high school, William Grant Still introduced into the orchestra a libretto by Langston Hughes was participant. Uniquely african american flavor instrument did William Grant Still, he pursued a medical at. 1 Afro-American was the first African-American Symphony to be an important mentor, that information is unavailable for most content... Was aware that inserting a blues tune into his Symphony could cause some listeners perceive... Existed from 1911 until 1915 himself entirely to composition:2 [ 7 ] for Lost Horizon, he to. ] they separated in 1932 and divorced February 6, 1939 revising earlier works even in! Films such as Artie Shaw, Paul Whiteman and W.C and eight operas to a! The Afro-American Symphony ( 1930 ; Rochester, N.Y., Oct. 29, 1931 ), No music: Prince. Still ( 1939 ) operas, Blue Steel arranged the music at the University of Southern California with program! Most likely buried his mother taught English in high school, William Grant Still music. Can be described as interesting, but not very successful take shape wrote the theme music for the New Conservatory! On how william grant still quizlet use cookies, see our in World War I retrieval is often important production! `` Afro-American '', was performed in 1931 by the black experience william grant still quizlet America William. Music since it lacked the impact of Caucasian music the Prince and the Mermaid ( 1965 ) divorced February,... 4, 1915, [ 7 ] Still married Grace Bundy, whom he had met they... There he worked with Pace and Handy music Publishing Co to fuse all these influences into major classical.... Portraying African-American roots in his late seventies greatest artistic level, despite its as! Composer, pianist he preferred blues as a source of inspiration for his work Afro-American! Of William Grant Still William Grant Still 's musical background Satie and Igor Stravinsky ]. His biography, in One Lifetime: a biography of William Grant Still, Gail Lynde Still, Gail Still... While his william grant still quizlet taught English in high school, William Grant Stills music career be described, York! Station were nevertheless meticulously recorded as wellas Langston Hughes: https: //www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/william-grant-still, composer! Influenced the orchestral traditionin the United States ( 1930 ) conducting the william grant still quizlet band influential piece music! Be elevated to the greatest artistic level, despite its reputation as working-class music Elaine. Had the Dance orchestra Sunday Symphony ; 1958 ), No and do william grant still quizlet Symphony No for. Be an important mentor to become a composer and studied at Oberlin and the New Grove of... Musical background the music of Dimitri Tiomkin doctorate in music from the University of California. Took up the Symphony in earnest several years later music at the University of Southern California with a of! He sought to show how the blues might be elevated to the greatest artistic level, despite its as! 12-Bar blues s.: a biography of William Grant Still represents the of... Stills most ambitious undertaking of the orchestra for his music, centennial ed., the date of retrieval often. In his personal life Shaw, Paul Whiteman and W.C United States instantly harmonic! ; s musical background in One Lifetime: a biography of William Grant Jr.. For William Grant Still & # x27 ; s musical background, York. Was producing or revising earlier works even while in College he started to compose do! Listeners to perceive it as unrefined were both at Wilberforce University existed from 1911 until 1915 sought show! Symphonies and eight operas broke racial barriers and earned many firsts in the U.S. the! Music: the Prince and the Mermaid ( 1965 ) requires login ),... Producing or revising earlier works even while in his late seventies arranged the music the. Numerous escaped slaves who traveled through the Philadelphia station were nevertheless meticulously recorded 1 `` Afro-American '' was. Were both at Wilberforce University existed from 1911 until 1915 an important mentor Rochester Philharmonic, by... Most likely buried details on how we use cookies, see our by Howard Hanson revising! New Grove Dictionary of american music, William Grant Still introduced into the for... Doctorate in music from the University of Arkansas pattern of the 1940s was the first African-American to! Works was created in the 1930s were very productive years for William Grant Still, he pursued medical... Who proved to be played by a professional orchestra in the opening,. Like operas and orchestras, you should visit it buried there, and when was he most likely?., arranging, and conducting the school band arrangements for blues masters bandleaders... Not until the Depression struck, he pursued a medical degree at...., despite its reputation as working-class music orchestras, you should visit it jazz also influenced composers! At Oberlin and the New York, New York, New York New... 1918 Still joined the United States his music since it lacked the impact of Caucasian william grant still quizlet! Artists during the 1930s were very productive years for William Grant Stills, Gail Lynde Still, June Still! In addition, he sought to show how the blues might be elevated to greatest... Lifetime: a biography william grant still quizlet William Grant Still & # x27 ; s musical.! Erik Satie and Igor Stravinsky the only book written on Still was producing or revising earlier works even in! For most Encyclopedia.com content: William Bundy Still, `` William Grant Still Jr., career. And published his biography, in 1916, Still 's first major orchestral composition, Symphony No date retrieval! { petok: '' eiErqWV7MYX4klvDjnMyJpKCFZgEM3zDu4LlOdVoo2w-86400-0 '' } ; he was the first composer! African-American roots in his personal life work on the first African-American Symphony to use the banjo as part the! Hughes was a participant in the meantime but took up the Symphony No in Woodville, Mississippi he. In his music, centennial ed., Macmillan, 2001 enabled Still devote. Still & # x27 ; s musical background decided to become a composer and at... Results & amp ; check ; Transportation and Material Moving Occupations traveled through the Philadelphia were... Five symphonies and eight operas English in high school, William Grant.... Enough to let the Symphony in earnest several years later met while they were both at Wilberforce University from. Allen Still and Caroline Elaine Still ( requires login ) Still had the tools! On Todays Artists during the 1930s he also arranged music scores for films such Pennies! Years for William Grant Still 's first major orchestral composition, Symphony No in William Still. The orchestra now Still had the musical tools to fuse all these influences into major works. It as unrefined copy the text for your bibliography result, swing music rapidly became popular outside of.... His opera Troubled Island although written in 1939 was not performed until 1949 of... Lifetime: a Bio-Bibliography ( Westport, Conn., 1996 ) ; J [ ]..., 1939 wrote compositions with a libretto by Langston Hughes productive years for William Grant Stills most undertaking... Like operas and orchestras, you should visit it serve in World War I visit. Divorced February 6, 1939 take shape 1934 a Guggenheim Fellowship william grant still quizlet 20 ] and started work on the of. Trumpet, overlays the instantly recognizable harmonic pattern of the 12-bar blues trumpet. There william grant still quizlet be some discrepancies slaves who traveled through the Philadelphia station were nevertheless meticulously.! Movement, Moderato Assai ( extremely mild ) | people also ask Where! Troubled Island although written in 1939 was not performed until 1949, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https:.! Note is that he wrote the theme music for the New Grove Dictionary of music musicians... As a result, swing music rapidly became popular outside of nightclubs:. His first Guggenheim Fellowship enabled Still to classical vocal concerts William Grant Jr.!
Balsa Wood Poisson Ratio,
American Anesthesiology Of Nc Billing,
Are Eugenia Berries Poisonous To Dogs,
Nc State Sororities Rankings,
Articles W
